推論統計學，或称统计推断（英語：Statistical inference），指统计学中，研究如何根据样本数据去推断总体数量特征的方法。它是在对样本数据进行描述的基础上，对统计总体的未知数量特征做出以概率形式表述的推断。更概括地说，是在一段有限的时间内，通过对一个随机过程的观察来进行推断的。
统计学中，统计推断与描述统计相对应。
统计推断的結果常用來決定下一步的作法，可能是要做更深入的試驗或問卷，或是是決定是否要實行某項方案。
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Peirce, C. S. (1883), "A Theory of probable inference", Studies in Logic, pp. 126-181 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Little, Brown, and Company. (Reprinted 1983, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 90-272-3271-7)
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延伸阅读
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Casella, G., Berger, R.L. (2001). Statistical Inference. Duxbury Press. ISBN 0-534-24312-6
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Lindley, D. Fiducial distribution and Bayes' theorem. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 1958, 20: 102–7.
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Reid, N.; Cox, D. R. On Some Principles of Statistical Inference. International Statistical Review. 2014, 83 (2): n/a. doi:10.1111/insr.12067.
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