「流感疫苗」重定向至此。關於针对H5N1、H7N9等的疫苗，請見「流感疫苗 (消歧义)」。
美国海军人员接种疫苗
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| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Fluarix、Fluzone、others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| 给药途径 | IM、鼻内 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 | |
| 识别信息 | |
| CAS号 |
1704512-59-3 
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| 流行性感冒 |
|---|
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| 類型 |
| 疫苗 |
| 治療 |
| 大流行 |
| 爆發疫情 |
| 參見 |
季節性流感疫苗，簡稱流感疫苗（influenza vaccine，flu shot），為針對流行性感冒（季节性流感）的疫苗。因為流感病毒變化的速度很快，一年會發展新的流感疫苗兩次。大部分狀況下，疫苗有中度到高度的保護力；然而每年情況略有不同。對65歲以上的長者，目前證據較缺乏。平均來說，他們可以減少半日因病而上班必須請假的狀況。有打疫苗的孩童，可以保護他們周遭的人。
世界衛生組織和美國疾病控制與預防中心都建議幾乎任何大於六個月的人，每年應該施打流感疫苗。尤其是孕婦、六個月大至五歲的孩童、有慢性疾病者、美洲原住民、以及醫療相關人員。
分類
流感疫苗多分为：（裂解）灭活疫苗（IIV）及裂解亚单位疫苗、减毒活疫苗（LAIV）、重组亚单位疫苗（RIV）。灭活疫苗（含灭活全病毒、灭活裂解、裂解亚单位三个子类）最为常用，又分为三价与四价剂型。
有效性
过去灭活及减毒活疫苗曾产生抗体依赖增强作用使2009年接种季节性甲型H1N1（针对类似A/Brisbane/59/2007的一株）疫苗的人更容易得甲型H1N1pdm09（A/California/7/2009病毒）新型流感。2010年起H1N1株被改为“pandemic系”，2022年为人6B.1a.5a.2系。2011年起开始推广亚单位疫苗。
年度更新
以下为北半球每年流感疫苗针对的毒株列表。Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted from a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing three strains to a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages.
| 年度 | H1N1甲流 | 演化支 | 类似猪H1支 | H3N2甲流 | 演化支 | 乙流Victoria株 | 演化支 | 乙流山形株 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 1998–April 1999 | A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 | A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus | |||
| November 1999–April 2000 | B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus | ||||||
| 2000–2001 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus | ||||
| 2001–2002 | N/A | B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus | ||||||
| 2002–2003 | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus | N/A | ||||||
| 2003–2004 | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus | N/A | ||||||
| 2004–2005 | A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus | |||||
| 2005–2006 | A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus | |||||
| 2006–2007 | A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus | N/A | |||||
| 2007–2008 | A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus | N/A | |||||
| 2008–2009 | A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus | 1B.2.1 | A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Florida/4/2006-like virus | |||
| 2009–2010 | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus | N/A | ||||||
| 2010–2011 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | |||
| 2011–2012 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | N/A | ||||||
| 2012–2013 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus | |||||
| 2013–2014 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011 | B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus | |||||
| 2014–2015 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus | ||||||
| 2015–2016 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus | |||||
| 2016–2017 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a | |||||
| 2017–2018 | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1 | 不再使用 | |||||
| 2018–2019 | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1 | B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) | ||||
| 2019–2020 | A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.1 | A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.3a | ||||
| 2020–2021 egg-based vaccines | A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.1 | A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.1b | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | ||
| 2020–2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | ||||||
| 2021–2022 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2 | A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.1 | ||||
| 2021–2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | |||||||
| 2022–2023 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | |||
| 2022–2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | ||||||
| 2023–2024 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | |||||
| 2023–2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus |
副作用
疫苗大致上是安全的。在兒童，有5-10%會有發燒的反應，也有可能有肌肉痛、疲倦等症狀。在某些年份，疫苗可能在年長者引起格林－巴利综合征，機率約百萬分之一。疫苗不應該施打於對蛋嚴重過敏者、或有流感疫苗過敏史者。疫苗有不活化及減毒病毒兩種。孕婦應該使用不活化疫苗。在施打類型方面，有肌肉內注射、鼻噴劑、皮內注射等形式。
歷史
對抗流感的疫苗在1930年代開始，一直到1945年開始在美國廣為使用。它被列在世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單，即其建議之對基礎健康照護系統最重要的藥物。在2014年，其批發價約5.25美元。在美國，則是少於25美元。