Продолжая использовать сайт, вы даете свое согласие на работу с этими файлами.
醫療疏失擴散模型
醫療疏失擴散模型(英語:healthcare error proliferation model,簡稱HEPM)是英國曼徹斯特大學教授詹姆斯·瑞森(James Reason)所發表的瑞士奶酪模型的改編版本,用來說明:1. 現代醫療系統固有的複雜性,以及2. 這些系統裡面人為錯誤的歸因。HEPM解釋疏失發生的原因和會導致的不良後果的事件序列。這個模型強調組織上和外部的文化在識別、預防、緩解、和防禦措施所能發揮的作用。
簡介
醫療系統之所以複雜,是因為它們在結構(例如護理單位、藥房、急診室、手術室),還有專業(例如護理人員、醫生、藥劑師、行政管理人員、治療師)之上種類繁多,而關聯的要素之間能夠相互適應,並能從經驗中學習,以及改變。“複雜適應系統”(CAS)這個名詞是由在跨學科的聖菲研究所(SFI)的約翰·霍蘭德和默里·蓋爾曼兩位學者所提出。隨後,露絲·安德森(Ruth A. Anderson)、魯賓·麥克丹尼爾(Rubin McDaniels)、和保羅·西里爾斯等學者把CAS的理論和研究擴展,納入社會科學(例如教育和醫療衛生)之中運用,。
模型概述
HEPM把瑞士奶酪模型理論用到具有複雜性質的醫療系統和集成架構之上。瑞士奶酪模型把複雜,而能自我適應的系統與多孔的瑞士奶酪切片相提並論。切好的奶酪片被稱為防禦層,用來表達這些切片在系統中的作用和功能,而這些作用和功能具有攔截和防止危險的能力。這些防禦層代表離散的位置或是組織級別,而這些位置或組織級別可能本身具有錯誤,並讓錯誤發展。保護層的功能包含四種:1)組織領導能力,2)風險監督,3)不安全做法的情況,以及4)不安全執行後的結果。
HEPM把醫院描述為具有多個防禦層,配備有維持關鍵防禦工事所需的基本要素。透過檢查防禦層的屬性,潛在的故障點,可顯示疏失發生的原因。專家們討論在CAS中對這些保護層的重要性作檢查,也把臨床醫生的心理安全列入考慮。這個HEPM把詹姆斯·瑞森的開創性理論更加擴展。
這個模型把CAS當作一種關鍵特性。這種複雜的系統有獨特的自我組織能力,同時透過非線性關係發揮相互作用,其中專業人員充當信息處理者並與環境共同演進。醫療衛生提供者在系統中扮演不同的角色,使用不同的方法來處理信息,以解決組織內和跨組織之間的整體性問題。
定義
CAS是在一個醫療衛生提供機構中,同時有多種臨床和行政代理人做非線性的交互行動,而其中的作業人員和患者是信息處理者,全部會與環境共同演進,達到安全可靠,以患者為中心的結果。
參見
參考文獻
參考
文章
- Anderson, R. A., Issel, M. L., & McDaniel, R. R. (2003). Nursing homes as complex adaptive systems: Relationship between management practice and resident outcomes. Nursing Research, 52(1): 12-21.
- Berta, W. B. & Baker, R. (2004). Factors that impact the transfer and retention of best practices for reducing error in hospitals. Health Care Management Review, 29(2): 90-97.
- Chiles, J. R. (2002). Inviting disaster: Lessons from the edge of technology. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
- Coleman, H. J. (1999). What enables self-organizing behavior in business. Emergence, 1(1): 33-48.
- Cook, R. I., Render, M., & Woods, D. D. (2000). Gaps in the continuity of care and progress on patient safety. British Medical Journal, 320(7237): 791-794.
- Leape, L. L., Bates, D. W., Cullen, D. J., Cooper, J., Demonaco, H. J., Gallivan, T., R., H., Ives, J., Laird, N., Laffel, G., Nemeskal, R., Peterson, L. A., Porter, K., Servi, D., Shea, B. F., Small, S. D., Sweitzer, B. J., Thompson, B. T., & van der Vliet, M. (1995). Systems analysis of adverse drug events. ADE prevention study group. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(1): 35-43.
- Leape, L. L. & Berwick, D. M. (2005). Five years after "To err is human": What have we learned? Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(19): 2384-2390.
- Leduc, P. A., Rash, C. E., & Manning, M. S. (2005). Human factors in UAV accidents, Special Operations Technology, Online edition ed., Vol. 3.
- Leonard, M. L., Frankel, A., & Simmonds, T. (2004). Achieving safe and reliable healthcare: Strategies and solutions. Chicago: Health Administration Press.
- Rasmussen, J. (1990). The role of error in organizing behavior. Ergonomics, 33: 1185-1199.
- Rasmussen, J. (1999). The concept of human error: Is it useful for the design of safe systems in health care? In C. Vincent & B. deMoll (Eds.), Risk and safety in medicine: 31-47. London: Elsevier.
- Reason, J. T. & Mycielska, K. (1982). Absent-minded? The psychology of mental lapses and everyday errors. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
- Reason, J. T. (1990). Human error. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Reason, J. T. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
- Reason, J. T. (1998). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
- Reason, J. T. (2000). Human error: Models and management. British Medical Journal, 320, 768-770.
- Reason, J. T., Carthey, J., & de Leval, M. R. (2001). Diagnosing vulnerable system syndrome: An essential prerequisite to effective risk management. Quality in Health Care, 10(S2): 21-25.
- Reason, J. T. & Hobbs, A. (2003). Managing maintenance error: A practical guide. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
- Roberts, K. (1990). Some characteristics of one type of high reliability organization. Organization Science, 1(2): 160-176.
- Roberts, K. H. (2002). High reliability systems. Report on the institute of medicine committee on data standards for patient safety on September 23, 2003.
書籍
Cilliers, P. (1998) Complexity and post modernism: Understanding complex systems. New York: Routledge. (ISBN 978-0415152860)
其他文獻
複雜理論
- Holland, J. H. (1992). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (ISBN 978-0262581110)
- Holland, J. H. (1995). Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. Reading, MA: Helix Books. (ISBN 978-0201442304)
- Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (ISBN 978-0738201429)
- Waldrop, M. M. (1990). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster (ISBN 978-0671767891)