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次要音节
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南亚语系中,次要音节是一个弱化的音节,后面跟着一个带声调或带重音的音节。次要音节常以/Cə/或/CəN/的形式出现,其中的元音弱化,如高棉语口语; 或以/CC/这样无元音的形式出现,如姆拉布里语/kn̩diːŋ/“肚脐”(次要音节/kn̩/)和/br̩poːŋ/“底部”(次要音节/br̩/),以及卡西语kyndon/kn̩dɔːn/“规则”(次要音节/kn̩/)、syrwet/sr̩wɛt̚/“标志”(次要音节/sr̩/)、kylla/kl̩la/“变形”(次要音节/kl̩/)、symboh/sm̩bɔːʔ/“种子”(次要音节/sm̩/)和tyngkai/tŋ̩kaːɪ/ “节约”(次要音节/tŋ̩/)。这样的抑扬格模式有时也被称作倍半音节(sesquisyllabic),此术语由美国语言学家詹姆斯·马提索夫于1973年提出(Matisoff 1973:86)。
有时次要音节可以因语言接触产生。许多占语支语言和缅甸语在与南亚语系接触后演化出了次要音节。缅甸语的次要音节为/Cə/形式,声母无复辅音、无韵尾、声调。
原始台语和上古汉语的较新构拟也包含倍半音节词根,现代台语支和现代汉语已经完全转化为单音节。
另见
注释
参考
- Brunelle, Marc; Kirby, James; Michaud, Alexis; Watkins, Justin. (2017). Prosodic systems: Mainland Southeast Asia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). HAL 01617182.
- Butler, Becky Ann. (2014). Deconstructing the Southeast Asian sesquisyllable: A gestural account (Doctoral dissertation). Cornell University.
- Ferlus, Michel. (2004). The origin of tones in Viet-Muong (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (pp. 297–313). HAL 00927222v2.
- Ferlus, Michel. (2009). What were the four Divisions of Middle Chinese? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Diachronica, 26(2), 184-213. HAL 01581138v2.
- Matisoff, James A. (1973). 'Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia'. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Consonant Types and Tone (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 1), pp. 73–95. Los Angeles: Linguistics Program, University of Southern California.
- Kirby, James & Brunelle, Marc. (2017). Southeast Asian tone in areal perspective. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (pp. 703–731).
- Michaud, Alexis. (2012). Monosyllabicization: patterns of evolution in Asian languages (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In Monosyllables: From phonology to typology (pp. 115–130). HAL 00436432v3.
- Svantesson, J.-O. & Karlsson, A. M. (2004). Minor syllable tones in Kammu. In International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2004).
- Thomas, David (1992). 'On Sesquisyllabic Structure' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 21, pp. 206–210.